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Music module(music.rs)

In the music module, we define constants for musical notes and their frequency values.

Each note is stored as an f64 value so it can be used directly when configuring PWM frequency. A special REST value is also defined to represent silence between notes.

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
// Note frequencies in Hertz as f64
pub const NOTE_B0: f64 = 31.0;
pub const NOTE_C1: f64 = 33.0;
pub const NOTE_CS1: f64 = 35.0;
pub const NOTE_D1: f64 = 37.0;
pub const NOTE_DS1: f64 = 39.0;
pub const NOTE_E1: f64 = 41.0;
pub const NOTE_F1: f64 = 44.0;
pub const NOTE_FS1: f64 = 46.0;
pub const NOTE_G1: f64 = 49.0;
pub const NOTE_GS1: f64 = 52.0;
pub const NOTE_A1: f64 = 55.0;
pub const NOTE_AS1: f64 = 58.0;
pub const NOTE_B1: f64 = 62.0;
pub const NOTE_C2: f64 = 65.0;
pub const NOTE_CS2: f64 = 69.0;
pub const NOTE_D2: f64 = 73.0;
pub const NOTE_DS2: f64 = 78.0;
pub const NOTE_E2: f64 = 82.0;
pub const NOTE_F2: f64 = 87.0;
pub const NOTE_FS2: f64 = 93.0;
pub const NOTE_G2: f64 = 98.0;
pub const NOTE_GS2: f64 = 104.0;
pub const NOTE_A2: f64 = 110.0;
pub const NOTE_AS2: f64 = 117.0;
pub const NOTE_B2: f64 = 123.0;
pub const NOTE_C3: f64 = 131.0;
pub const NOTE_CS3: f64 = 139.0;
pub const NOTE_D3: f64 = 147.0;
pub const NOTE_DS3: f64 = 156.0;
pub const NOTE_E3: f64 = 165.0;
pub const NOTE_F3: f64 = 175.0;
pub const NOTE_FS3: f64 = 185.0;
pub const NOTE_G3: f64 = 196.0;
pub const NOTE_GS3: f64 = 208.0;
pub const NOTE_A3: f64 = 220.0;
pub const NOTE_AS3: f64 = 233.0;
pub const NOTE_B3: f64 = 247.0;
pub const NOTE_C4: f64 = 262.0;
pub const NOTE_CS4: f64 = 277.0;
pub const NOTE_D4: f64 = 294.0;
pub const NOTE_DS4: f64 = 311.0;
pub const NOTE_E4: f64 = 330.0;
pub const NOTE_F4: f64 = 349.0;
pub const NOTE_FS4: f64 = 370.0;
pub const NOTE_G4: f64 = 392.0;
pub const NOTE_GS4: f64 = 415.0;
pub const NOTE_A4: f64 = 440.0;
pub const NOTE_AS4: f64 = 466.0;
pub const NOTE_B4: f64 = 494.0;
pub const NOTE_C5: f64 = 523.0;
pub const NOTE_CS5: f64 = 554.0;
pub const NOTE_D5: f64 = 587.0;
pub const NOTE_DS5: f64 = 622.0;
pub const NOTE_E5: f64 = 659.0;
pub const NOTE_F5: f64 = 698.0;
pub const NOTE_FS5: f64 = 740.0;
pub const NOTE_G5: f64 = 784.0;
pub const NOTE_GS5: f64 = 831.0;
pub const NOTE_A5: f64 = 880.0;
pub const NOTE_AS5: f64 = 932.0;
pub const NOTE_B5: f64 = 988.0;
pub const NOTE_C6: f64 = 1047.0;
pub const NOTE_CS6: f64 = 1109.0;
pub const NOTE_D6: f64 = 1175.0;
pub const NOTE_DS6: f64 = 1245.0;
pub const NOTE_E6: f64 = 1319.0;
pub const NOTE_F6: f64 = 1397.0;
pub const NOTE_FS6: f64 = 1480.0;
pub const NOTE_G6: f64 = 1568.0;
pub const NOTE_GS6: f64 = 1661.0;
pub const NOTE_A6: f64 = 1760.0;
pub const NOTE_AS6: f64 = 1865.0;
pub const NOTE_B6: f64 = 1976.0;
pub const NOTE_C7: f64 = 2093.0;
pub const NOTE_CS7: f64 = 2217.0;
pub const NOTE_D7: f64 = 2349.0;
pub const NOTE_DS7: f64 = 2489.0;
pub const NOTE_E7: f64 = 2637.0;
pub const NOTE_F7: f64 = 2794.0;
pub const NOTE_FS7: f64 = 2960.0;
pub const NOTE_G7: f64 = 3136.0;
pub const NOTE_GS7: f64 = 3322.0;
pub const NOTE_A7: f64 = 3520.0;
pub const NOTE_AS7: f64 = 3729.0;
pub const NOTE_B7: f64 = 3951.0;
pub const NOTE_C8: f64 = 4186.0;
pub const NOTE_CS8: f64 = 4435.0;
pub const NOTE_D8: f64 = 4699.0;
pub const NOTE_DS8: f64 = 4978.0;
pub const REST: f64 = 0.0; // No sound, for pauses
}

Song structure

We define a small helper struct to represent a song and handle note timing.

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
pub struct Song {
    whole_note: u64,
}
}

The whole_note field stores how long a whole note lasts, measured in milliseconds. All other note lengths are calculated from this value. Using milliseconds makes it easy to apply delays when playing notes on a buzzer.

Creating a song

When creating a Song, we calculate the duration of a whole note from the tempo.

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
impl Song {
    pub fn new(tempo: u16) -> Self {
        let whole_note = (60_000 * 4) / tempo as u64;
        Self { whole_note }
    }
}
}

Tempo is given in beats per minute. One minute has 60,000 milliseconds, and a whole note is equal to four beats. Dividing by the tempo gives the time, in milliseconds, that one whole note should last.

For example, at 120 BPM, one beat lasts 500 ms, so a whole note lasts 2000 ms.

Calculating note duration

This method converts a note value into a time duration.

#![allow(unused)]
fn main() {
pub fn calc_note_duration(&self, divider: i16) -> u64 {
    if divider > 0 {
        self.whole_note / divider as u64
    } else {
        let duration = self.whole_note / divider.unsigned_abs() as u64;
        (duration as f64 * 1.5) as u64
    }
}
}

The divider tells the code how the note relates to a whole note. A value of 1 means a whole note. A value of 2 means a half note. A value of 4 means a quarter note. The duration is calculated by dividing the whole note duration by this value.

Negative values are used to represent dotted notes. A dotted note lasts one and a half times longer than the normal version of the same note. When the divider is negative, the code first calculates the normal duration using the absolute value, then multiplies it by 1.5.

This positive and negative logic is a custom approach (based on an Arduino example I referred to) to differentiate dotted notes. It is not part of standard musical notation.